大鼠液压脑损伤后皮层微血管改变与脑水肿的关系

目的探讨大鼠液压脑损伤后皮层微血管损伤情况及其与伤后脑水肿的关系。方法成年SD大鼠30只,随机分为正常组（n=6）、假手术组（n：6）、损伤组（n=18）,其中损伤组分为伤后6h、24h、72h三亚组,每亚组6只。利用液压冲击法建立大鼠颅脑损伤模型,显微镜下观察直接损伤侧和非直接损伤侧皮层微血管损伤隋况,CD34标记血管内皮细胞评价血管密度改变,干湿重法检测脑组织含水量的变化。结果大鼠皮层微血管损伤后6h可见血管支行迂曲、扩张、充血,伤后24h可见少量血栓形成,损伤后72h可见有较多血栓形成。损伤组CD34阳性细胞数明显低于假手术组和对照组（P〈0．05）,而脑组织含水量明显高于假手术组和对照组（P〈0．05）,而后两组无统计学差异（P〉O．05）。损伤组直接损伤侧皮层微血管损伤较非直接损伤组严重,而且伤后24h较伤后6、72h严重。结论颅脑损伤后脑微血管损伤为全脑性血管损伤,这可能是伤后脑水肿形成的机制之一。     

记忆力减退老年人脑白质网络研究

目的利用MR扩散张量成像(DTI)概率纤维束示踪技术(PFT)和图论法研究主观性记忆力减退(SMD)老年人脑白质网络改变。方法本研究共纳入32例SMD老年人,年龄59～75岁,既往无神经精神疾病史,并随机选取28例无记忆力减退的健康老年人作为对照(HC)组,年龄61～75岁,所有被试均完成3.0 T MR 3D T1WI和DTI。利用PANDA及GRETNA软件对DTI原始数据进行批运算,采用独立样本t检验对2组间脑网络的平均聚类系数(Cp)、特征路径长度(Lp)、标准化Lp(γ)、标准化最短路径长度(λ)、小世界性(ζ)、全局效率(Eglob)、局部效率(Eloc)、节点效率(Ne)和节点最短路径长度(NLp)进行统计学分析,网络矩阵阈值设置为5%～50%,间隔5%,共计10个阈值,控制年龄、性别和教育程度为协变量。结果 SMD组与HC组脑白质网络均呈现小世界网络特点,即γ1(SMD:3.65±0.77,HC:3.74±0.79),λ≈1(SMD:1.35±0.03,HC:1.35±0.04)。当阈值设定为5%、30%和35%时,SMD组Cp较HC组明显减低(P0.05)。10个阈值下SMD组Eloc较HC组明显减低(P0.05)。SMD组后扣带回和额下回岛盖部Ne较HC组明显减低,而NLp明显增大(P0.05)。结论 SMD老年人脑网络具有小世界的一般特点,但部分区域节点传输效率减低,后扣带回和额下回岛盖部的网络属性改变可能与主观记忆力减退有关。     

Validation of an Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acquisition and Review Protocol for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

PurposeMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain allows for the identification of structural lesions typical of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main cause of dementia. However, to have a clinical impact, it is imperative that acquisition and reporting of this MRI-based evidence be standardized, ensuring the highest possible reliability and reproducibility. Our objective was to validate a systematic radiological MRI acquisition and review process in the context of AD.MethodsWe included 100 individuals with a suspicion of dementia due to AD for whom MRI were acquired using our proposed protocol of clinically achievable acquisitions and used a unified reading grid to gather semi-quantitative evidence guiding diagnostic. MRIs were read by 3 raters with different experience levels. Interrater reliability was measured using Cohen's kappa statistic.ResultsInterrater reliability average for lesions occupying space, hemorrhage, or ischemia, was respectively 0.754, 0.715, and 0.501. Average reliability of white matter hyperintensity burden (Fazekas), global cortical atrophy, and temporal lobe atrophy (Scheltens) scales was 0.687, 0.473, and 0.621 (right)/0.599 (left), respectively. The kappas for regional cortical atrophy (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and posterior cingulum) varied from 0.281–0.678. The average MRI reading time varied between 1.43-5.22 minutes.ConclusionsThe presence of space occupying lesions, hemorrhagic or ischemic phenomena, and radiological scales have a good interrater reproducibility in MRI. Coupled with standardized acquisitions, such a protocol should be used when evaluating possible dementias, especially those due to probable AD.     

非小细胞肺癌多发脑转移射波刀放疗的不同计划设计方案分析

目的 对比分析采用射波刀（CyberKnife）立体定向放射治疗多发脑转移的非小细胞肺癌患者时,不同计划设计方式对颅内剂量分布的影响。方法 选取天津医科大学肿瘤医院CyberKnife中心2017年12月至2018年12月期间收治的20例多发脑转移非小细胞肺癌患者进行回顾性分析,对每例患者分别选择单靶区多计划和多靶区单计划进行治疗计划设计。通过对计划靶区（PTV）及其周围正常脑组织、危及器官（OARs）的剂量和适形指数（CI）、实施治疗总节点数和总机器跳数（MUs）对比分析,进行两种物理计划设计方案评价。结果 采用两种设计方式所得治疗计划均能够满足>95% PTV接受处方剂量照射。多靶区单计划方式能够明显降低患者PTV周围正常脑组织受照最高剂量和平均剂量,使得脑干受照最高剂量和平均剂量分别相对下降1.62%和5.57%（t=1.09,P<0.01）,治疗总照射节点数和总机器跳数平均相对下降了4.63%（t=1.87,P<0.01）和1.06%,缩短临床治疗时间。两种方式设计所得治疗计划的CI指数未见明显差异。结论 CyberKnife能够实现对非小细胞肺癌多发脑转移患者的精准立体定向放疗,在进行放射治疗计划设计时,将直径及体积相近的多靶区单计划设计,不仅能够减小患者正常脑组织及OAR的受照剂量,而且能够缩短治疗时间,提高治疗效率。     

脑星形细胞肿瘤周围区域MRI弥散张量成像研究

目的探讨MRI弥散张量成像(DTI)在确定星形细胞肿瘤边界方面的应用价值。方法低、高级别组脑星形细胞肿瘤各16例和14例行DTI检查,测量肿瘤周围区域表观弥散系数(ADC)和部分各向异性值(FA),比较其均值差异。结果脑星形细胞肿瘤周围区域高、低级别星形细胞肿瘤之间ADC、FA均值的差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-10.02,9.94;P值均&lt;0.0001);FA图在高、低级别组表现不同;6例星形细胞肿瘤周围区域FA图表现异常者,活检证实有肿瘤细胞生长。结论DTI在肿瘤周围区域的测量有助于脑星形细胞肿瘤的分级,对确定肿瘤边界有重大的意义。     

Pilot study of fetal brain development and morphometry in prenatal opioid exposure and smoking on fetal MRI

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess for any differences in brain maturation, structure and morphometry in fetuses exposed to opioids in utero, compared to non-opioid exposed fetuses on fetal MRI.MethodsWe performed a prospective study in pregnant women using opioids and healthy pregnant women without prenatal opioid use. We evaluated brain maturation, structure, and morphometry on second or third trimester fetal MRI and assessed group differences.Results28 pregnant women were enrolled, 12 with opioid exposure (average gestational age 33.67, range 28–39 w), 9 of whom also smoked, and 16 without opioid exposure (average gestational age 32.53, range 27–38 w). There was a significant difference in the anteroposterior diameter of the fetal cerebellar vermis in the opioid exposed fetuses compared to non-opioid exposed fetuses (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in brain biparietal diameter, fronto-occipital diameter, transverse cerebellar diameter and anteroposterior dimension of the pons in opioid exposed fetuses compared to non-opioid exposed fetuses. There were no abnormalities in brain maturation and no major brain structural abnormalities in the opioid exposed fetuses.ConclusionSmaller fetal anteroposterior cerebellar vermian dimension was associated with in utero opioid exposure. There were no abnormalities in brain maturation or major structural abnormalities in fetuses exposed to opioids.     

Myxofibrosarcoma: Another mimicker of meningioma

Primary intracranial malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), or myxofibrosarcoma, is an extremely rare condition, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of a dural-based myxofibrosarcoma in a previously healthy 42-year-old man that was initially presumed to be an atypical meningioma. The findings based on conventional and advanced magnetic resonance sequences, including diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion weighted imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as histopathological aspects, are discussed.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血病人Lindegaard比值与脑组织氧分压的相关性

目的 探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）病人经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检测Lindegaard比值（LR）与脑组织氧分压（PbtO2）的相关性。方法 2019年8月至2022年2月前瞻性收集aSAH共46例。使用LICOX-Ⅱ型脑组织氧分压监测系统,采用氧分压探针（Clark型微型电极）记录大脑中动脉供血脑组织PbtO2,其中PbtO2<20 mmHg且持续时间≥10 min定义为局部组织缺氧。TCD检测PbtO2探针同侧MCA和颈内动脉（ICA）颅外段,LR指同侧MCA与ICA颅外段平均血流速度比值,LR≥3存在脑血管痉挛。结果 根据PbtO2监测结果,16例出现脑组织缺氧（缺氧组）,30例无脑组织缺氧（非缺氧组）;与非缺氧组相比,缺氧组入院GCS评分较低（P=0.041）,脑血管痉挛发生率呈增高趋势（P=0.057）。LR判断存在脑血管痉挛37例,无脑血管痉挛9例。LR与PbtO2呈显著负相关（r=-0.305,P=0.039）。LR≥3预测脑组织缺氧的特异性很高（93.3%）,但敏感性较低（56.3%）;LR对脑组织缺氧的阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为81.8%和80.0%。结论 aSAH病人在预防性迟发性脑缺血监测时,TCD检测LR是预测脑组织缺氧较好的非侵入性方法,但其敏感性低,不能单纯通过LR结果正常而排除发生迟发性脑缺血的可能。